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Dhokra (also spelt Dokra) is non–ferrous metal casting using the
lost-wax casting technique. This sort of metal casting has been used in India
for over 4,000 years and is still used. One of the earliest known lost wax artefacts
is the dancing girl of Mohenjo-daro. The product of dhokra artisans are in
great demand in domestic and foreign markets because of primitive simplicity,
enchanting folk motifs and forceful form. Dhokra horses, elephants, peacocks,
owls, religious images, measuring bowls, and lamp caskets etc., are highly
appreciated. The lost wax technique for casting of copper based alloys has also
been found in China, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, Central America, and other
places.
There are two main processes of lost wax casting: solid casting and
hollow casting. While the former is predominant in the south of India the
latter is more common in Central and Eastern India. Solid casting does not use
a clay core but instead a solid piece of wax to create the mould; hollow casting
is the more traditional method and uses the clay core.
The first task in the lost wax hollow casting process consists of
developing a clay core which is roughly the shape of the final cast image.
Next, the clay core is covered by a layer of wax composed of pure beeswax,
resin from the tree Damara orientalis, and nut oil. The wax is then shaped and
carved in all its finer details of design and decorations. It is then covered
with layers of clay, which takes the negative form of the wax on the inside,
thus becoming a mould for the metal that will be poured inside it. Drain ducts
are left for the wax, which melts away when the clay is cooked. The wax is then
replaced by the molten metal, often using brass scrap as basic raw material.
The liquid metal poured in hardens between the core and the inner surface of
the mould. The metal fills the mould and takes the same shape as the wax. The
outer layer of clay is then chipped off and the metal icon is polished and
finished as desired.
Dhokra Damar tribes are the traditional metalsmiths of West Bengal and
Odisha. Their technique of lost wax casting is named after their tribe, hence
Dhokra metal casting. The tribe extends from Jharkhand to West Bengal and
Orissa; members are distant cousins of the Chhattisgarh Dhokras. A few hundred
years ago, the Dhokras of Central and Eastern India traveled south as far as
Kerala and north as far as Rajasthan and hence are now found all over India.
Dhokra, or Dokra, craft from Dwariapur, West Bengal, is popular. Recently Adilabad
Dokra from Telangana got Geographical Indicator tag in 2018.
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